To provide the best possible user experience, make sure to use the element and
element `type` that's most appropriate for the data the user is entering.

## Help users fill in text

Use the `<input>` element to provide a form field. An `<input>` is the best
choice for single words, phrases, and short entries. For longer text, use the
`<textarea>` element. This allows multiple lines of text, and makes it easier
for the user to see the text they entered, as the element is scrollable and
resizable.

> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** A `<textarea>` is resizable by default. While you can [disable resize with CSS](https://catalin.red/css-resize-none-is-bad-for-ux/), this is a bad user experience. Use `resize: vertical` to ensure users can resize vertically, allowing them to read all of the entered text, but not horizontally.

### Ensure users enter data in the correct format

Do you want to help users fill in a telephone number?
Change the `type` attribute to `type="tel"` for the `<input>`.
Users on mobile devices get an adapted on-screen keyboard,
ensuring they can enter the telephone number faster.

For an email address, use `type="email"`.
Again, an adapted on-screen keyboard is shown.
Use the `required` attribute to make the form field mandatory.
When the form is submitted, the browser checks that the input has a value and that it's valid: in this case,
that it's a well-formatted email address.

Learn more about the different [input types](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input#input_types).
These also provide built-in [validation features](https://web.dev/learn/forms/validation.md.txt).

### Help users fill in dates

When do you want to start your next trip?
To help users fill in dates, use `type="date"`.
Some browsers show the format as a placeholder such as `yyyy-mm-dd`,
demonstrating how to enter the date.

All modern browsers provide custom interfaces for selecting dates in the form of a date picker.
<iframe allow="camera; clipboard-read; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; geolocation; microphone; midi;" loading="lazy" src="https://codepen.io/web-dot-dev/embed/93693a7c2ce3d39ec5aa9088159b0601?height=300&amp;theme-id=light&amp;default-tab=result&amp;editable=true" style="height: 100%; width: 100%; border: 0;"></iframe>

### Help users select an option

To ensure users can select or unselect one possible option, use `type="checkbox"`.
Do you want to offer multiple options?
Depending on your use case, there are various alternatives.
First, take a look at possible solutions if users should only be able to choose a single option.

You can use multiple `<input>` elements with `type="radio"` and the same `name` value. Users see all options at once, but can only choose one.
<iframe allow="camera; clipboard-read; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; geolocation; microphone; midi;" loading="lazy" src="https://codepen.io/web-dot-dev/embed/617e51cdae8adeca641d289da1a3e8a2?height=300&amp;theme-id=light&amp;default-tab=result&amp;editable=true" style="height: 100%; width: 100%; border: 0;"></iframe>

Another option is to use the `<select>` element.
Users can scroll through a list of available options and choose one.
<iframe allow="camera; clipboard-read; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; geolocation; microphone; midi;" loading="lazy" src="https://codepen.io/web-dot-dev/embed/7225931596b7eeafc448ad55d9c980fd?height=300&amp;theme-id=light&amp;default-tab=result&amp;editable=true" style="height: 100%; width: 100%; border: 0;"></iframe>

For some use cases, such as choosing a range of numbers,
`<input>` of type `range` may be a good option.
<iframe allow="camera; clipboard-read; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; geolocation; microphone; midi;" loading="lazy" src="https://codepen.io/web-dot-dev/embed/242b1ec7ea180c4995711ceabd749c59?height=300&amp;theme-id=light&amp;default-tab=result&amp;editable=true" style="height: 100%; width: 100%; border: 0;"></iframe>

> [!NOTE]
> **Note** : You can use the [`accent-color`](https://web.dev/articles/accent-color.md.txt) CSS property to change the color of form controls, including `<input type="range">`. Browser Support
>
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> - ![Safari: 26.2.](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' width='24' height='24' viewBox='195 190 135 135'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3ClinearGradient id='s-a' x1='132.6' x2='134.4' y1='111.7' y2='-105.3' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%23d2d2d2' /%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23f2f2f2' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%23fff' /%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3ClinearGradient id='s-b' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse' /%3E%3ClinearGradient id='s-c' x1='65.4' x2='67.4' y1='115.7' y2='17.1' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%23005ad5' /%3E%3Cstop offset='.2' stop-color='%230875f0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='.3' stop-color='%23218cee' /%3E%3Cstop offset='.6' stop-color='%2327a5f3' /%3E%3Cstop offset='.8' stop-color='%2325aaf2' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%2321aaef' /%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3ClinearGradient id='s-d' x1='158.7' x2='176.3' y1='96.7' y2='79.5' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%23c72e24' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%23fd3b2f' /%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='s-i' cx='-69.9' cy='69.3' r='54' gradientTransform='matrix(.9 -.01 .04 2.72 -9 -120)' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%2324a5f3' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%231e8ceb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='s-j' cx='109.3' cy='13.8' r='93.1' gradientTransform='matrix(-.02 1.1 -1.04 -.02 137 -115)' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235488d6' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235d96eb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='220' height='220' x='22' y='-107' fill='url(%23s-a)' ry='49' transform='matrix(.57 0 0 .57 187 256)' /%3E%3Cg transform='translate(194 190)'%3E%3Ccircle cx='67.8' cy='67.7' fill='url(%23s-c)' paint-order='stroke fill markers' r='54' /%3E%3Ccircle cx='-69.9' cy='69.3' fill='url(%23s-i)' transform='translate(138 -2)' r='54' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cellipse cx='120' cy='14.2' fill='url(%23s-j)' rx='93.1' ry='93.7' transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .58 192 250)' /%3E%3Cg transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .57 197 182)'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23cac7c8' d='M46 192h1l72-48-7-9-66 57Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fbfffc' d='M46 191v1l66-57-7-9-59 65Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='url(%23s-d)' d='m119 144-7-9 66-57-59 66Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fb645c' d='m105 126 7 9 66-57-1-1-72 49Z' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='1' stroke-width='1.3' d='m287 278 3-2m-12-17 8-2m-8-3h4m-4-13 8 2m-8 3h4m-1-13 7 3m-4-11 7 4m-2-11 6 6m0-12 6 7m1-11 4 6m4-10 3 7m5-9 2 7m15-7-1 7m10-5-3 7m11-4-4 7m11-2-5 6m16 7-7 4m10 4-7 3m10 6-8 1m8 16-8-2m5 10-7-3m4 11-7-4m2 11-6-5m0 11-5-6m-2 11-4-7m-4 11-3-8m-6 10-1-8m-16 8 2-8m-10 5 3-7m-11 4 4-7m-11 2 5-6m-8 3 3-3m4 8 2-3m5 8 2-4m6 7 1-4m8 5v-4m8 4v-4m9 3-1-4m9 1-2-4m9 0-2-4m9-2-3-3m8-4-3-2m8-5-4-2m7-6-4-1m5-8h-4m4-8h-4m3-9-4 1m1-9-4 2m-1-9-3 2m-2-9-3 3m-4-8-2 3m-5-8-2 4m-6-6-1 3m-8-5v4m-8-4v4m-9-2 1 3m-9 0 2 3m-9 1 2 3m-9 2 3 3m-8 4 3 2m-8 5 4 2m-7 6 4 1m-4 25 4-1m-2 5 7-3m-6 7 4-2m-2 6 7-4m-13-21h8m41-41v-8m0 99v-8m49-42h-8' transform='translate(-65 8)' /%3E%3C/svg%3E)
>
> [Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Properties/accent-color)

Do you need to offer the ability to select multiple options?
Use a `<select>` element with the `multiple` attribute or multiple `<input>` elements of type `checkbox`.

You may also use an `<input>` in combination with the [`<datalist>`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Element/datalist) element.
This gives you a combination of a text field and a list of `<option>` elements.

> [!TIP]
> **Try it** : How would you tackle the selection of multiple items? Try to implement different versions. Use a `<select>` element, `<datalist>` element, [multi-select custom element](https://github.com/samdutton/multi-input), or build something completely different.

### Ensure users can fill in different types of data

There are more input types for specific use cases.

There is an `<input>` of type `color` to provide users with a color picker in
supported browsers, and there are various other types as well. To ensure users
can enter their password, use `<input>` with `type="password"`. Every character
entered is obscured by an asterisk ("\*") or a dot ("•"), to ensure the password
can't be read.

Do you want to include a unique security token in the form data?
Use `<input>` with `type="hidden"`.
The value of an `<input>` of type `hidden` can't be seen or modified by users.

To enable users to upload and submit files, use `<input>` with `type="file"`.
<iframe allow="camera; clipboard-read; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; geolocation; microphone; midi;" loading="lazy" src="https://codepen.io/web-dot-dev/embed/74f2d88b9185b8fa880ea5a92f48f690?height=300&amp;theme-id=light&amp;default-tab=result&amp;editable=true" style="height: 100%; width: 100%; border: 0;"></iframe>

> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** An `<input>` of type `file` can also allow multiple uploads at once. You can also specify which file formats are allowed. Learn more about [`<input type="file">`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/file).

You can also define [custom elements](https://web.dev/articles/more-capable-form-controls.md.txt#form-associated_custom_elements) if you have a special use case,
where no built-in element or type is suitable.

## Help users fill out your form

There are many form elements and types, but which one should you choose?

For some use cases, it's straightforward to choose the appropriate element and type,
such as `<input type="date">`. For others, it depends.
For example, you can use multiple `<input>` elements with `type="checkbox"` or a `<select>` element.
Learn more about [choosing between listboxes and drop-down lists](https://www.nngroup.com/articles/listbox-dropdown/).

In general, make sure to
[test your form with real users](https://web.dev/learn/forms/usability-testing.md.txt) to find the best form element and type.

### Check your understanding

Test your knowledge of form fields
Is it possible to upload multiple files with a form control?
Yes, using `<input type="files">`. Try again! Yes, using `<input type="file" multiple>`. 🎉 No. Try again! Yes, using `<input type="multiple-files">`. Try again! What's the difference between `type="text"` and `type="password"`?
There is no difference. Try again! An adapted on-screen keyboard for entering passwords is shown for `type="password"`. Try again! When using `type="password"` every character entered is obscured by an asterisk (`*`) or a dot (`•`). 🎉 A custom interface for entering passwords is shown for `type="password"`. Try again!

## Resources

- [The `<input>` element](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Input)
- [The `<textarea>` element](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea)
- [The `<select>` element](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select)
- [`<input>` types](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input#input_types)
- [Custom form elements](https://web.dev/articles/more-capable-form-controls.md.txt#form-associated_custom_elements)