Text on the web automatically wraps at the edge of the screen so that it doesn't
overflow. Images, on the other hand, have an intrinsic size. If an image is
wider than the screen, the image overflows and the user has to scroll
horizontally to see all of it.
Fortunately, CSS gives you tools to stop this from happening.
## Constrain your images
In your style sheet, you can use [`max-inline-size`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/max-inline-size)
to declare that images can never be rendered at a size wider than their
containing element.
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Properties/max-inline-size)
img {
max-inline-size: 100%;
block-size: auto;
}
> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** You can use `max-width` instead of `max-inline-size` if you prefer, but we recommend getting into the habit of thinking in terms of [logical properties](https://web.dev/learn/design/internationalization#logical_properties).
You can apply the same rule to other kinds of embedded content too, like videos
and iframes.
img,
video,
iframe {
max-inline-size: 100%;
block-size: auto;
}
With this rule in place, browsers automatically scale down images to fit on the
screen.
 Constraining your image lets users see all of it without scrolling.
Adding a [`block-size`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/block-size)
value of `auto` means the browser preserves your images' aspect ratio as it
resizes them.
Sometimes, an image's dimensions are set by a content management system (CMS) or
other content delivery system. If your design calls for a different aspect ratio
from the CMS's default, you can use the
[`aspect-ratio`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/aspect-ratio)
property to preserve your site's design:
img {
max-inline-size: 100%;
block-size: auto;
aspect-ratio: 2/1;
}
Unfortunately, this often means the browser has to squash or stretch the image
to make it fit in the intended space.
 Changing the image's aspect ratio makes it appear squashed or stretched.
To prevent squashing and stretching, use the
[`object-fit`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/object-fit) property.
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Properties/object-fit)
An `object-fit` value of `contain` tells the browser to preserve the image's
aspect ratio, leaving empty space around the image if needed.
img {
max-inline-size: 100%;
block-size: auto;
aspect-ratio: 2/1;
object-fit: contain;
}
An `object-fit` value of `cover` tells the browser to preserve the image's
aspect ratio, cropping the image if needed.
img {
max-inline-size: 100%;
block-size: auto;
aspect-ratio: 2/1;
object-fit: cover;
}
  The same image with two different values for \`object-fit\` applied. The first has an \`object-fit\` value of \`contain\`. The second has an \`object-fit\` value of \`cover\`.
You can change the position of the image crop using the
[object-position](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/object-position)
property. This adjusts the focus of the crop, so you can make sure the most
important part of the image is still visible.
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Properties/object-position)
img {
max-inline-size: 100%;
block-size: auto;
aspect-ratio: 2/1;
object-fit: cover;
object-position: top center;
}
 You can set `object-position` to crop only one side of your image.
## Deliver your images
Those CSS rules tell the browser how you'd like images to be rendered. You can
also provide hints in your HTML about how the browser should handle those images.
### Hints for sizing
If you know your image's dimensions, always include `width` and `height`
attributes. Even if the image is rendered at a different size because of your
`max-inline-size` rule, the browser still knows the width to height ratio and
can set aside the right amount of space. This prevents your other content from
jumping around when the image loads.
The first video shows a layout without defined image dimensions. Notice how the text jumps when the images load. In the second video, image dimensions have been provided, so the browser leaves space for the image and text doesn't jump around when the image loads.
### Hints for loading
Use the `loading` attribute to tell the browser whether to delay loading the
image until it's in or near the viewport. For images below the fold, use a value
of `lazy`. The browser won't load lazy images until the user has scrolled far
down enough that the image is about to come into view. If the user never
scrolls, the image never loads.
Lazy loaded images wait to load until the user is about to scroll to them.
For a hero image above the fold, don't use `loading`. If your site automatically
applies the `loading="lazy"` attribute, you can usually set `loading` to the
default value of `eager` to prevent images from being lazy loaded:
### Fetch Priority
For important images-such as the [LCP](https://web.dev/articles/lcp) image, you can further
prioritize the loading using [Fetch Priority](https://web.dev/articles/fetch-priority) by
setting the `fetchpriority` attribute to `high`:
This tells the browser to fetch the image right away and at high priority,
instead of waiting until the browser has finished its layout and would fetch
images normally.
However, when you ask the browser to prioritize downloading one resource, like
an image, the browser must de-prioritize another resource such as a script or a
font file. Only set `fetchpriority="high"` on an image if it's truly vital.
### Hints for preloading
It's best to avoid preloading whenever possible by including all images in the
initial HTML file. However, some images may be unavailable, such as images
added by JavaScript or a CSS [background image](https://web.dev/learn/design/responsive-images#background-images).
You can use preloading to get the browser to fetch these important images ahead of
time. For really important images, you can combine this preloading with the
`fetchpriority` attribute:
Again, use these attributes sparingly to avoid overriding the browser's
prioritization heuristics too often. Overusing them can cause performance
degradation.
Some browsers support [preloading responsive images](https://web.dev/articles/preload-responsive-images)
based on [srcset](https://web.dev/learn/design/responsive-images#srcset), using the `imagesrcset` and `imagesizes` attributes.
For example:
By excluding the `href` fallback, you can make sure browsers without `srcset`
support still preload the correct image.
You can't preload images in different formats based on browser support of
certain formats. Attempting this can result in extra downloads that waste users'
data.
## Responsive images with `srcset`
Thanks to that `max-inline-size: 100%` declaration, your images can't break out
of their containers. However, if a user has a small screen and a low-bandwidth
network, making them download the same size images as users with larger screens
wastes data.
To fix this issue, add multiple versions of the same image at different sizes,
and use the [`srcset`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img#attr-srcset)
attribute to tell the browser these sizes exist and when to use them.
### Width descriptor
You can define a `srcset` using a comma-separated list of values. Each value is
the URL of an image, followed by a space, followed by some metadata about the
image, called a *descriptor*.
In this example, the metadata describes the width of each image using the `w`
unit. One `w` is the width of one pixel.
The `srcset` attribute complements the `src` attribute instead of replacing it.
You still need to have a valid `src` attribute, but the browser can replace its
value with one of the options listed in the `srcset`. To save bandwidth, the
browser only downloads the larger image if they're needed.
### Sizes
If you're using the width descriptor, you must also use the
[`sizes`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img#attr-sizes)
attribute to give the browser more information. This tells the browser what size
you expect the image to be displayed at under different conditions. Those
conditions are specified in a media query.
The `sizes` attribute takes a comma-separated list of media queries and image
widths.
> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** It feels strange to have CSS media queries inside an HTML element. It spoils the separation of presentation and structure. But it's the only way to provide the necessary sizing information quickly enough to be effective.
In this example, you're telling the browser that in a viewport with a width over
`66em`, it should display the image no wider than one third of the screen
(inside a three-column layout, for example).
For viewport widths between `44em` and `66em`, display the image at half the
width of the screen (as in a two-column layout).
For anything narrower than `44em`, display the image at the full width of the
screen.
This means that the biggest image won't necessarily be used for the widest
screen. A wide browser window that can display a multi-column layout uses an
image that fits in one column, which might be smaller than an image used for a
single-column layout on a narrower screen.
Use size descriptors to change how your page is laid out on different screen sizes.
### Pixel density descriptor
You can also use descriptors to provide an alternate version of images to
show on high-density displays, to keep images looking sharp at the higher
resolutions they provide.
 Images with lower pixel densities can look fuzzy.
Use the density descriptor to describe the pixel density of the image in
relation to the image in the `src` attribute. The density descriptor is a number
followed by the letter x, as in `1x` or `2x`.
If `small-image.png` is 300 by 200 pixels in size, and `medium-image.png` is
600 by 400 pixels, then `medium-image.png` can have `2x` after it in the
`srcset` list.
You don't have to use whole numbers. If another version of the image is 450 by
300 pixels in size, you can describe it with `1.5x`.
> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** You can use *either* width descriptors *or* density descriptors, but not both together.
## Presentational images
Images in HTML are content. That's why you include the `alt` attribute
with a description of the image for screen readers and search engines.
If you embed an image that's decorative, without any meaningful
content, you can use an empty `alt` attribute.
You must always include the `alt` attribute, even if it's empty.
An empty `alt` attribute tells a screen reader that the image is
presentational. A missing `alt` attribute doesn't provide that information.
Ideally, presentational or decorative images are included with CSS instead of
HTML. HTML is for structure. CSS is for presentation.
> [!TIP]
> **Tip:** Learn how to create [accessible images](https://web.dev/learn/accessibility/images).
## Background images
Use the `background-image` property in CSS to load presentational images.
element {
background-image: url(flourish.png);
}
You can specify multiple image candidates using the
[`image-set`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/image/image-set())
function for `background-image`.
The `image-set` function in CSS works a lot like the `srcset` attribute in HTML.
Provide a list of images with a pixel density descriptor for each one.
element {
background-image: image-set(
small-image.png 1x,
medium-image.png 2x,
large-image.png 3x
);
}
The browser chooses the most appropriate image for the device's pixel density.
There are many factors to consider when you're adding images to your site,
including:
- Reserving the right space for each image.
- Figuring out how many sizes you need.
- Deciding whether the image is content or decorative.
It's worth spending the time to get your images right. Poor image strategies can
annoy and frustrate your users. A good image strategy makes your site feel
snappy and sharp, regardless of the user's device or network connection.
There's one more HTML element in your toolkit to give you more control over your
images: [the `picture` element](https://web.dev/learn/design/picture-element).
### Check your understanding
Test your knowledge of images.
Styles must be added for images to fit within the viewport.
True Images without containment will be as large as their natural size. False Styles are required. When an image's height and width have been forced into an unnatural aspect ratio, which styles can help adjust how the image fits into these proportions?
`object-fit` Specify how the image fits with keywords like `contain` and `cover`. `image-fit` This property doesn't exist, I made it up. `fit-image` This property doesn't exist, I made it up. `aspect-ratio` This may cause or solve an unnatural image ratio. Putting `height` and `width` on your images prevents CSS from being able to style it differently.
True Think of them more like hints than rules. False CSS has a large amount of dynamic options for sizing images, even if height and width are inline on the tag. The `srcset` attribute doesn't _______ the `src` attribute, it _______ it.
complement, replaces `srcset` definitely doesn't replace the `src` attribute. replace, complements It provides additional options for the browser to choose from, if it's capable. Missing `alt` on an image is the same as an empty `alt`.
True An empty `alt` attribute tells a screen reader that this image is presentational. False Missing `alt` signals nothing to a screen reader.