##### [The CSS Podcast - 020: Functions](https://thecsspodcast.libsyn.com/020-functions)
So far in this course, you've been exposed to several CSS functions.
In the [grid](https://web.dev/learn/css/grid) module,
you were introduced to `minmax()` and `fit-content()`,
which help you size elements.
In the [color](https://web.dev/learn/css/color) module,
you were introduced to `rgb()`, and `hsl()`, which help you define colors.
Like many other programming languages,
[CSS has **a lot** of built-in functions](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Functions)
that you can access whenever you need them.
Every CSS function has a specific purpose,
in this lesson, you'll get a high-level overview,
giving you a much better understanding of where and how to use them.
## What is a function?
A function is a named, self-contained piece of code that completes a specific task.
A function is named so you can call it within your code and you can pass data into the function.
This is known as passing arguments.
A lot CSS functions are *pure functions* ,
which means that if you pass the same arguments into them,
they will always give you the same result back,
regardless of what is happening in the rest of your code.
These functions will often re-compute as values change in your CSS,
similar to other elements in the language,
such as computed cascaded values like `currentColor`.
In CSS, you can only use the provided functions,
rather than write your own,
but functions can be nested within each other in some contexts,
giving them more flexibility.
We'll cover that in more detail, later in this module.
## Functional selectors
.post :is(h1, h2, h3) {
line-height: 1.2;
}
You learned about functional selectors in the
[pseudo-classes module](https://web.dev/learn/css/pseudo-classes)
which detailed functions like
[`:is()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/:is) and
[`:not()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/:not).
The arguments passed into these functions are CSS selectors,
which are then evaluated.
If there is a match with elements,
the rest of the **CSS rule** will be applied to them.
## Custom properties and `var()`
:root {
--base-color: #ff00ff;
}
.my-element {
background: var(--base-color);
}
A custom property is a variable which lets you tokenize values in your CSS code.
[Custom properties are also affected by the cascade](https://piccalil.li/tutorial/getting-started-with-css-custom-properties/)
which means they can be contextually manipulated or redefined.
A custom property must be prefixed with two dashes (`--`) and are case sensitive.
The [`var()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/var())
function takes one required argument:
the custom property that you are trying to return as a value.
In the preceding snippet, the `var()` function has `--base-color` passed as an
argument. If `--base-color` is defined, then `var()` will return the value.
.my-element {
background: var(--base-color, hotpink);
}
You can also pass a fallback declaration value into the `var()` function.
This means that if `--base-color` can't be found,
the passed **declaration** will be used instead, which in this sample's case is the `hotpink` color.
## Functions that return a value
The `var()` function is just one of the CSS functions that return a value.
Functions like
[`attr()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/attr()) and
[`url()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/url()) follow a similar structure to `var()`---
you pass one or more arguments and use them on the **right side** of your CSS declaration.
a::after {
content: attr(href);
}
The `attr()` function here
is taking the content of the `` element's `href` attribute
and setting it as the `content` of the `::after` pseudo-element.
If the value of the `` element's `href` attribute was to change,
this would automatically be reflected in this `content` attribute.
.my-element {
background-image: url('/path/to/image.jpg');
}
The `url()` function takes a **string** URL and is used to load images, fonts and content.
If a valid URL isn't passed in or the resource that the URL points to can't be found,
nothing will be returned by the `url()` function.
## Color functions
You learned all about color functions in the [color](https://web.dev/learn/css/color) module.
If you haven't read that one yet, it is strongly recommended that you do.
Some available color functions in CSS are
`rgb()`, `hsl()`, `lab()`, `lch()`, `oklab()`, `oklch()`, and `color()`.
All of these have a similar form where configuration arguments are passed in and a color is returned back.
## Mathematical expressions
Like many other programming languages,
CSS provides useful mathematical functions to assist with various types of calculation.
### Arithmetic functions
#### `calc()`
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/calc)
The [`calc()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/calc())
function takes a single mathematical expression as its parameter.
This mathematical expression can be a mix of types,
such as length, number, angle and frequency. Units can be mixed too.
.my-element {
width: calc(100% - 2rem);
}
In this example, the `calc()` function is being used to size an element's width
as 100% of its containing parent element,
then removing `2rem` off that computed value.
:root {
--root-height: 5rem;
}
.my-element {
width: calc(calc(10% + 2rem) * 2);
height: calc(var(--root-height) * 3);
}
The `calc()` function can be nested inside another `calc()` function.
You can also pass custom properties in a `var()` function as part of an expression.
### `min()` and `max()`
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/min)
The [`min()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/min())
function returns the smallest computed value of the one or more passed arguments.
The [`max()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/max())
function does the opposite: get the largest value of the one or more passed arguments.
.my-element {
width: min(20vw, 30rem);
height: max(20vh, 20rem);
}
In this example,
the width should be the smallest value between `20vw`
---which is 20% of the **viewport width** ---and `30rem`.
The height should be the largest value between `20vh`
---which is 20% of the **viewport height** ---and `20rem`.
> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** We cover units like `vw` and `vh` in the [sizing](https://web.dev/learn/css/sizing) units module.
### `clamp()`
Browser Support
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- ' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%2324a5f3' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%231e8ceb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='s-j' cx='109.3' cy='13.8' r='93.1' gradientTransform='matrix(-.02 1.1 -1.04 -.02 137 -115)' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235488d6' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235d96eb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='220' height='220' x='22' y='-107' fill='url(%23s-a)' ry='49' transform='matrix(.57 0 0 .57 187 256)' /%3E%3Cg transform='translate(194 190)'%3E%3Ccircle cx='67.8' cy='67.7' fill='url(%23s-c)' paint-order='stroke fill markers' r='54' /%3E%3Ccircle cx='-69.9' cy='69.3' fill='url(%23s-i)' transform='translate(138 -2)' r='54' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cellipse cx='120' cy='14.2' fill='url(%23s-j)' rx='93.1' ry='93.7' transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .58 192 250)' /%3E%3Cg transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .57 197 182)'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23cac7c8' d='M46 192h1l72-48-7-9-66 57Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fbfffc' d='M46 191v1l66-57-7-9-59 65Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='url(%23s-d)' d='m119 144-7-9 66-57-59 66Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fb645c' d='m105 126 7 9 66-57-1-1-72 49Z' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='1' stroke-width='1.3' d='m287 278 3-2m-12-17 8-2m-8-3h4m-4-13 8 2m-8 3h4m-1-13 7 3m-4-11 7 4m-2-11 6 6m0-12 6 7m1-11 4 6m4-10 3 7m5-9 2 7m15-7-1 7m10-5-3 7m11-4-4 7m11-2-5 6m16 7-7 4m10 4-7 3m10 6-8 1m8 16-8-2m5 10-7-3m4 11-7-4m2 11-6-5m0 11-5-6m-2 11-4-7m-4 11-3-8m-6 10-1-8m-16 8 2-8m-10 5 3-7m-11 4 4-7m-11 2 5-6m-8 3 3-3m4 8 2-3m5 8 2-4m6 7 1-4m8 5v-4m8 4v-4m9 3-1-4m9 1-2-4m9 0-2-4m9-2-3-3m8-4-3-2m8-5-4-2m7-6-4-1m5-8h-4m4-8h-4m3-9-4 1m1-9-4 2m-1-9-3 2m-2-9-3 3m-4-8-2 3m-5-8-2 4m-6-6-1 3m-8-5v4m-8-4v4m-9-2 1 3m-9 0 2 3m-9 1 2 3m-9 2 3 3m-8 4 3 2m-8 5 4 2m-7 6 4 1m-4 25 4-1m-2 5 7-3m-6 7 4-2m-2 6 7-4m-13-21h8m41-41v-8m0 99v-8m49-42h-8' transform='translate(-65 8)' /%3E%3C/svg%3E)
[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/clamp)
The [`clamp()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/clamp())
function takes three arguments: the minimum size,
the ideal size and the maximum.
h1 {
font-size: clamp(2rem, 1rem + 3vw, 3rem);
}
In this example, the `font-size` will be fluid based on the width of the viewport.
The `vw` unit is added to a `rem` unit to assist with screen zooming,
because regardless of zoom level a `vw` unit will be the same size.
Multiplying by a `rem` unit---based on the root font size---
provides the `clamp()` function with a relative calculation point.
You can learn more about the `min()`, `max()`, and `clamp`() functions in
[this article on these functions](https://web.dev/articles/min-max-clamp).
## Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric functions allow you to find any point on a circle based on an
angle, model cyclical phenomena such as sound waves, describe orbits, and more.
In CSS, you can use trigonometric functions to set properties based on rotation,
time animations, rotate elements based on a point, and other uses.
For more information and examples, see our [article on
trigonometric functions](https://web.dev/articles/css-trig-functions).
### `sin()`, `cos()`, and `tan()`
The `sin()`, `cos()`, and `tan()` functions take an angle argument and return
the sine, cosine, and tangent respectively. The `sin()` and `cos()` functions
return a number between `-1` and `1`. The `tan()` function returns a number
between `-Infinity` and `+Infinity`. The angle argument can be any supported
angle unit.
:root {
--sine-degrees: sin(45deg); /* returns 0.7071 */
--sine-radians: sin(0.7853rad); /* returns 0.7071 */
}
In the preceding example, `--sine-degrees` and `--sine-radians` have the same
value (in this case `0.7071`).
In the preceding example, the `sin()` and `cos()` functions are used to create
oscillating animations on the `x` and `y` axes by multiplying the result by the
specified radius. Using both functions at once allows an orbiting animation.
We use a [custom property](https://web.dev/blog/at-property-baseline), `--angle`, to smoothly
animate the angle for all function calls.
### `asin()`, `acos()`, and `atan()`
The `asin()`, `acos()`, and `atan()` are the inverse of the `sin()`, `cos()`,
and `tan()` functions, taking a number as an argument and returning an angle
value between `-90deg` and `90deg`. The `asin()` and `acos()` functions accept
a number between `-1` and `1` while the `atan()` function accepts a number
between `-Infinity` and `+Infinity`.
:root {
--degrees: asin(0.7071); /* returns 45deg */
}
### `atan2()`
The `atan2()` function takes two arguments representing a point relative to the
origin and returns the angle representing the direction to that point. You can
use this to rotate elements to face a specific point. The arguments can be
numbers, size units, or a percentage, but both arguments must both be the same
kind.
In the example above the `atan2()` function is used to determine the angle
between the center of the viewport and the current mouse position. Note that the
`y` value is the first argument, and the `x` value is the second. The angle is
then used to position the "pupils" relative to the center of the "eyes", so they
follow the mouse.
### `hypot()`
The `hypot()` function takes two length arguments representing the sides of a
right triangle and returns the length of the hypotenuse. You can use this as a
shortcut for calculating this using exponential functions. Both arguments must
be the same unit type and `hypot()` will return the same type.
:root {
--use-ems: hypot(3em, 4em); /* returns 5em */
--use-px: hypot(30px, 40px); /* returns 50px */
}
## Exponential functions
### `pow()` and `exp()`
The `pow()` function takes two numeric arguments, the base and the exponent, and
raises the base by the power of the exponent. Both arguments must be numbers
without units. The `exp()` function takes a single argument and is equivalent to
calling the `pow()` function with a base of
[*e*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)).
.my-element {
width: calc(10px * pow(4, 2); /* 10px * (4 * 4) == 160px */
}
### `sqrt()`
The `sqrt()` function takes a numeric argument and returns its square root. The
argument cannot include units.
:root {
--root: sqrt(25); /* returns 5 */
}
### `log()`
The `log()` function returns the
[logarithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm) of a numeric value. If one
argument is passed, it will return the
[natural logarithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm). If a
second argument is passed, the `log()` function will use the second argument as
the base for the logarithm.
:root {
--log2: log(16, 2); /* returns 4 */
--logn: log(16); /* returns 2.7725 */
}
## Sign related functions
### `abs()`
The `abs()` function takes a numeric argument and returns the absolute
(positive) value of the argument value.
.my-element {
color: rgba(0, 0, 0, abs(-1));
}
In the preceding example, an `alpha` value of `-1` would result in transparent
text, but the `abs()` function returns the absolute value of `1`, which results
in fully opaque text.
### `sign()`
The `sign()` function takes a numeric argument and returns the arguments sign.
Positive values return `1` and negative values return `-1`. Zero values return
`0`.
.my-element {
top: calc(50vh + 25vh * sign(var(--value));
}
In the preceding examples, if `--value` is positive, the top value will be
`75vh`. If it is negative the, top value will be `25vh`. If it is zero, the top
value will be `50vh`.
## Shapes
The
[`clip-path`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/clip-path),
[`offset-path`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/offset-path) and
[`shape-outside`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/shape-outside)
CSS properties use shapes to visually clip your box or provide a shape for content to flow around.
There are shape functions that can be used with both of these properties.
Simple shapes such as
[`circle()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/basic-shape/circle()),
[`ellipse()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/basic-shape/ellipse()) and
[`inset()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/basic-shape/inset())
take configuration arguments to size them.
More complex shapes, such as
[`polygon()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/basic-shape/polygon())
take comma separated pairs of X and Y axis values to create custom shapes.
.circle {
clip-path: circle(50%);
}
.polygon {
clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 100% 0%, 100% 75%, 75% 75%, 75% 100%, 50% 75%, 0% 75%);
}
Like `polygon()`, there is also a `path()` function which takes an SVG fill rule as an argument.
This allows for highly complex shapes that can be drawn in a graphics tool
such as Illustrator or Inkscape and then copied into your CSS.
## Transforms
Lastly in this overview of CSS functions are the transform functions,
which skew, resize and even change the depth of an element.
All of the following functions are used with the `transform` property.
### Rotation
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/transform-function/rotate)
You can rotate an element using the
[`rotate()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/rotate())
function, which will rotate an element on its center axis.
You can also use the
[`rotateX()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/rotateX()),
[`rotateY()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/rotateY()) and
[`rotateZ()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/rotateZ())
functions to rotate an element on a specific axis instead.
You can pass degree, turn and radian units to determine the level of rotation.
.my-element {
transform: rotateX(10deg) rotateY(10deg) rotateZ(10deg);
}
The [`rotate3d()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/rotate3d())
function takes four arguments.
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/transform-function/rotate3d)
The first 3 arguments are numbers, which define the X, Y and Z coordinates.
The fourth argument is the rotation which,
like the other rotation functions, accepts degrees, angle and turns.
.my-element {
transform: rotate3d(1, 1, 1, 10deg);
}
You can use the individual
[`rotate`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/rotate) property to rotate
an element. When used outside of the `transform` property, you can transition it
separately from other transformations. It accepts similar values to the rotate
functions.
### Scale
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/transform-function/scale)
You can change the scaling of an element with `transform` and the
[`scale()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/scale()) function.
The function accepts one or two numbers as a value which determine a positive or negative scaling.
If you only define one number argument,
both the X and Y axis will be scaled the same and defining both is a shorthand for X and Y.
Just like `rotate()`,
there are
[`scaleX()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/scaleX()),
[`scaleY()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/scaleY()) and
[`scaleZ()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/scaleZ())
functions to scale an element on a specific axis instead.
.my-element {
transform: scaleX(1.2) scaleY(1.2);
}
Also like the `rotate` function, there is a
[`scale3d()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/scale3d()) function.
This is similar to `scale()`, but it takes three arguments: the X, Y and Z scale factor.
You can use the individual [`scale`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/scale) property to scale an element. When used outside of the `transform` property, you can [transition](https://web.dev/learn/css/functions/TODO) it separately from other transformations.
### Translate
Browser Support
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- ' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%2324a5f3' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%231e8ceb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='s-j' cx='109.3' cy='13.8' r='93.1' gradientTransform='matrix(-.02 1.1 -1.04 -.02 137 -115)' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235488d6' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235d96eb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='220' height='220' x='22' y='-107' fill='url(%23s-a)' ry='49' transform='matrix(.57 0 0 .57 187 256)' /%3E%3Cg transform='translate(194 190)'%3E%3Ccircle cx='67.8' cy='67.7' fill='url(%23s-c)' paint-order='stroke fill markers' r='54' /%3E%3Ccircle cx='-69.9' cy='69.3' fill='url(%23s-i)' transform='translate(138 -2)' r='54' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cellipse cx='120' cy='14.2' fill='url(%23s-j)' rx='93.1' ry='93.7' transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .58 192 250)' /%3E%3Cg transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .57 197 182)'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23cac7c8' d='M46 192h1l72-48-7-9-66 57Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fbfffc' d='M46 191v1l66-57-7-9-59 65Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='url(%23s-d)' d='m119 144-7-9 66-57-59 66Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fb645c' d='m105 126 7 9 66-57-1-1-72 49Z' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='1' stroke-width='1.3' d='m287 278 3-2m-12-17 8-2m-8-3h4m-4-13 8 2m-8 3h4m-1-13 7 3m-4-11 7 4m-2-11 6 6m0-12 6 7m1-11 4 6m4-10 3 7m5-9 2 7m15-7-1 7m10-5-3 7m11-4-4 7m11-2-5 6m16 7-7 4m10 4-7 3m10 6-8 1m8 16-8-2m5 10-7-3m4 11-7-4m2 11-6-5m0 11-5-6m-2 11-4-7m-4 11-3-8m-6 10-1-8m-16 8 2-8m-10 5 3-7m-11 4 4-7m-11 2 5-6m-8 3 3-3m4 8 2-3m5 8 2-4m6 7 1-4m8 5v-4m8 4v-4m9 3-1-4m9 1-2-4m9 0-2-4m9-2-3-3m8-4-3-2m8-5-4-2m7-6-4-1m5-8h-4m4-8h-4m3-9-4 1m1-9-4 2m-1-9-3 2m-2-9-3 3m-4-8-2 3m-5-8-2 4m-6-6-1 3m-8-5v4m-8-4v4m-9-2 1 3m-9 0 2 3m-9 1 2 3m-9 2 3 3m-8 4 3 2m-8 5 4 2m-7 6 4 1m-4 25 4-1m-2 5 7-3m-6 7 4-2m-2 6 7-4m-13-21h8m41-41v-8m0 99v-8m49-42h-8' transform='translate(-65 8)' /%3E%3C/svg%3E)
[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/transform-function/translate)
The [`translate()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/translate())
functions move an element while it maintains its position in the document flow.
They accept length and percentage values as arguments.
The `translate()` function translates an element along the X axis if one argument is defined,
and translates an element along the X and Y axis if both arguments are defined.
.my-element {
transform: translatex(40px) translatey(25px);
}
You can---just like with other transform functions---use specific functions for a specific axis,
using
[`translateX`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/translateX()),
[`translateY`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/translateY()) and
[`translateZ`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/translateZ()).
You can also use
[`translate3d`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/translate3d())
which lets you define the X, Y and Z translation in one function.
Like `scale` and `rotate`, you can also use the [`translate`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/translate) property outside of the `transform` property to move an element.
.my-element{
translate: 20px 30px;
}
### Skewing
Browser Support
- ' d='M96 183a64 64 0 0 1-23-23L17 64a128 128 0 0 0 111 192l55-96a64 64 0 0 1-87 23Z'/%3E%3Cpath fill='url(%23b)' d='M192 128a64 64 0 0 1-9 32l-55 96A128 128 0 0 0 239 64H128a64 64 0 0 1 64 64Z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='128' cy='128' r='52' fill='%231a73e8'/%3E%3Cpath fill='url(%23c)' d='M96 73a64 64 0 0 1 32-9h111a128 128 0 0 0-222 0l56 96a64 64 0 0 1 23-87Z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E)
- ' xlink:href='%23A'%3E%3Cstop offset='.76' stop-opacity='0'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.95' stop-opacity='.5'/%3E%3Cstop offset='1'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='F' cx='2523' cy='4680' r='20243' gradientTransform='matrix(-.03715 .99931 -2.12836 -.07913 13579 3530)' xlink:href='%23A'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%2335c1f1'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.11' stop-color='%2334c1ed'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.23' stop-color='%232fc2df'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.31' stop-color='%232bc3d2'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.67' stop-color='%2336c752'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='G' cx='24247' cy='7758' r='9734' gradientTransform='matrix(.28109 .95968 -.78353 .22949 24510 -16292)' xlink:href='%23A'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%2366eb6e'/%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%2366eb6e' stop-opacity='0'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3Cpath id='H' d='M24105 20053a9345 9345 0 01-1053 472 10202 10202 0 01-3590 646c-4732 0-8855-3255-8855-7432 0-1175 680-2193 1643-2729-4280 180-5380 4640-5380 7253 0 7387 6810 8137 8276 8137 791 0 1984-230 2704-456l130-44a12834 12834 0 006660-5282c220-350-168-757-535-565z'/%3E%3Cpath id='I' d='M11571 25141a7913 7913 0 01-2273-2137 8145 8145 0 01-1514-4740 8093 8093 0 013093-6395 8082 8082 0 011373-859c312-148 846-414 1554-404a3236 3236 0 012569 1297 3184 3184 0 01636 1866c0-21 2446-7960-8005-7960-4390 0-8004 4166-8004 7820 0 2319 538 4170 1212 5604a12833 12833 0 007684 6757 12795 12795 0 003908 610c1414 0 2774-233 4045-656a7575 7575 0 01-6278-803z'/%3E%3Cpath id='J' d='M16231 15886c-80 105-330 250-330 566 0 260 170 512 472 723 1438 1003 4149 868 4156 868a5954 5954 0 003027-839 6147 6147 0 001133-850 6180 6180 0 001910-4437c26-2242-796-3732-1133-4392-2120-4141-6694-6525-11668-6525-7011 0-12703 5635-12798 12620 47-3654 3679-6605 7996-6605 350 0 2346 34 4200 1007 1634 858 2490 1894 3086 2921 618 1067 728 2415 728 2952s-271 1333-780 1990z'/%3E%3Cuse fill='url(%23B)' xlink:href='%23H'/%3E%3Cuse fill='url(%23D)' opacity='.35' xlink:href='%23H'/%3E%3Cuse fill='url(%23C)' xlink:href='%23I'/%3E%3Cuse fill='url(%23E)' opacity='.4' xlink:href='%23I'/%3E%3Cuse fill='url(%23F)' xlink:href='%23J'/%3E%3Cuse fill='url(%23G)' xlink:href='%23J'/%3E%3C/svg%3E)
- ' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='.2' stop-color='%239059ff' stop-opacity='0'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.3' stop-color='%238c4ff3' stop-opacity='.1'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.8' stop-color='%237716a8' stop-opacity='.5'/%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%236e008b' stop-opacity='.6'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='ff-g' cx='239.1' cy='34.6' r='171.6' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%23ffe226'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.1' stop-color='%23ffdb27'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.3' stop-color='%23ffc82a'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23ffa930'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.7' stop-color='%23ff7e37'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.8' stop-color='%23ff7139'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='ff-h' cx='374' cy='-74.3' r='732.2' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='.1' stop-color='%23fff44f'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23ff980e'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.6' stop-color='%23ff5634'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.7' stop-color='%23ff3647'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.9' stop-color='%23e31587'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='ff-i' cx='304.6' cy='7.1' r='536.4' gradientTransform='rotate(84 303 4)' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%23fff44f'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.1' stop-color='%23ffe847'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.2' stop-color='%23ffc830'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.3' stop-color='%23ff980e'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.4' stop-color='%23ff8b16'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23ff672a'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.6' stop-color='%23ff3647'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.7' stop-color='%23e31587'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='ff-j' cx='235' cy='98.1' r='457.1' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='.1' stop-color='%23fff44f'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23ff980e'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.6' stop-color='%23ff5634'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.7' stop-color='%23ff3647'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.9' stop-color='%23e31587'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='ff-k' cx='355.7' cy='124.9' r='500.3' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='.1' stop-color='%23fff44f'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.2' stop-color='%23ffe141'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23ffaf1e'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.6' stop-color='%23ff980e'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3ClinearGradient id='ff-a' x1='446.9' y1='76.8' x2='47.9' y2='461.8' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='.1' stop-color='%23fff44f'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.1' stop-color='%23ffe847'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.2' stop-color='%23ffc830'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.4' stop-color='%23ff980e'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.4' stop-color='%23ff8b16'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23ff672a'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23ff3647'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.7' stop-color='%23e31587'/%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3ClinearGradient id='ff-l' x1='442.1' y1='74.8' x2='102.6' y2='414.3' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='.2' stop-color='%23fff44f' stop-opacity='.8'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.3' stop-color='%23fff44f' stop-opacity='.6'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23fff44f' stop-opacity='.2'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.6' stop-color='%23fff44f' stop-opacity='0'/%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cpath d='M479 166c-11-25-32-52-49-60a249 249 0 0 1 25 73c-27-68-73-95-111-155a255 255 0 0 1-8-14 44 44 0 0 1-4-9 1 1 0 0 0 0-1 1 1 0 0 0-1 0c-60 35-81 101-83 134a120 120 0 0 0-66 25 71 71 0 0 0-6-5 111 111 0 0 1-1-58c-25 11-44 29-58 44-9-12-9-52-8-60l-8 4a175 175 0 0 0-24 21 210 210 0 0 0-22 26 203 203 0 0 0-32 73l-1 2-2 15a229 229 0 0 0-4 34v1a240 240 0 0 0 477 40l1-9c5-41 0-84-15-121zM202 355l3 1-3-1zm55-145zm198-31z' fill='url(%23ff-a)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M479 166c-11-25-32-52-49-60 14 26 22 53 25 72v1a207 207 0 0 1-206 279c-113-3-212-87-231-197-3-17 0-26 2-40-2 11-3 14-4 34v1a240 240 0 0 0 477 40l1-9c5-41 0-84-15-121z' fill='url(%23ff-b)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M479 166c-11-25-32-52-49-60 14 26 22 53 25 72v1a207 207 0 0 1-206 279c-113-3-212-87-231-197-3-17 0-26 2-40-2 11-3 14-4 34v1a240 240 0 0 0 477 40l1-9c5-41 0-84-15-121z' fill='url(%23ff-c)'/%3E%3Cpath d='m362 195 1 1a130 130 0 0 0-22-29C266 92 322 5 331 0c-60 35-81 101-83 134l9-1c45 0 84 25 105 62z' fill='url(%23ff-d)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M257 210c-1 6-22 26-29 26-68 0-80 41-80 41 3 35 28 64 57 79l4 2 7 3a107 107 0 0 0 31 6c120 6 143-143 57-186 22-4 45 5 58 14-21-37-60-62-105-62l-9 1a120 120 0 0 0-66 25l17 16c16 16 58 33 58 35z' fill='url(%23ff-e)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M257 210c-1 6-22 26-29 26-68 0-80 41-80 41 3 35 28 64 57 79l4 2 7 3a107 107 0 0 0 31 6c120 6 143-143 57-186 22-4 45 5 58 14-21-37-60-62-105-62l-9 1a120 120 0 0 0-66 25l17 16c16 16 58 33 58 35z' fill='url(%23ff-f)'/%3E%3Cpath d='m171 151 5 3a111 111 0 0 1-1-58c-25 11-44 29-58 44 1 0 36 0 54 11z' fill='url(%23ff-g)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M18 261a242 242 0 0 0 231 197 207 207 0 0 0 206-279c8 56-20 110-64 146-86 71-169 43-186 31l-3-1c-50-24-71-70-67-110-42 0-57-35-57-35s38-28 89-4c46 22 90 4 90 4 0-2-42-19-58-35l-17-16a71 71 0 0 0-6-5l-5-3c-18-11-52-11-54-11-9-12-9-51-8-60l-8 4a175 175 0 0 0-24 21 210 210 0 0 0-22 26 203 203 0 0 0-32 73c0 1-9 38-5 57z' fill='url(%23ff-h)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M341 167a130 130 0 0 1 22 29 46 46 0 0 1 4 3c55 50 26 121 24 126 44-36 72-90 64-146-27-68-73-95-111-155a255 255 0 0 1-8-14 44 44 0 0 1-4-9 1 1 0 0 0 0-1 1 1 0 0 0-1 0c-9 5-65 92 10 167z' fill='url(%23ff-i)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M367 199a46 46 0 0 0-4-3l-1-1c-13-9-36-18-58-15 86 44 63 193-57 187a107 107 0 0 1-31-6 131 131 0 0 1-11-5c17 12 99 39 186-31 2-5 31-76-24-126z' fill='url(%23ff-j)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M148 277s12-41 80-41c7 0 28-20 29-26s-44 18-90-4c-51-24-89 4-89 4s15 35 57 35c-4 40 16 85 67 110l3 1c-29-15-54-44-57-79z' fill='url(%23ff-k)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M479 166c-11-25-32-52-49-60a249 249 0 0 1 25 73c-27-68-73-95-111-155a255 255 0 0 1-8-14 44 44 0 0 1-4-9 1 1 0 0 0 0-1 1 1 0 0 0-1 0c-60 35-81 101-83 134l9-1c45 0 84 25 105 62-13-9-36-18-58-14 86 43 63 192-57 186a107 107 0 0 1-31-6 131 131 0 0 1-11-5l-3-1 3 1c-29-15-54-44-57-79 0 0 12-41 80-41 7 0 28-20 29-26 0-2-42-19-58-35l-17-16a71 71 0 0 0-6-5 111 111 0 0 1-1-58c-25 11-44 29-58 44-9-12-9-52-8-60l-8 4a175 175 0 0 0-24 21 210 210 0 0 0-22 26 203 203 0 0 0-32 73l-1 2-2 15a279 279 0 0 0-4 34v1a240 240 0 0 0 477 40l1-9c5-41 0-84-15-121zm-24 13z' fill='url(%23ff-l)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E)
- ' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%2324a5f3' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%231e8ceb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='s-j' cx='109.3' cy='13.8' r='93.1' gradientTransform='matrix(-.02 1.1 -1.04 -.02 137 -115)' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235488d6' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235d96eb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='220' height='220' x='22' y='-107' fill='url(%23s-a)' ry='49' transform='matrix(.57 0 0 .57 187 256)' /%3E%3Cg transform='translate(194 190)'%3E%3Ccircle cx='67.8' cy='67.7' fill='url(%23s-c)' paint-order='stroke fill markers' r='54' /%3E%3Ccircle cx='-69.9' cy='69.3' fill='url(%23s-i)' transform='translate(138 -2)' r='54' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cellipse cx='120' cy='14.2' fill='url(%23s-j)' rx='93.1' ry='93.7' transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .58 192 250)' /%3E%3Cg transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .57 197 182)'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23cac7c8' d='M46 192h1l72-48-7-9-66 57Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fbfffc' d='M46 191v1l66-57-7-9-59 65Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='url(%23s-d)' d='m119 144-7-9 66-57-59 66Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fb645c' d='m105 126 7 9 66-57-1-1-72 49Z' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='1' stroke-width='1.3' d='m287 278 3-2m-12-17 8-2m-8-3h4m-4-13 8 2m-8 3h4m-1-13 7 3m-4-11 7 4m-2-11 6 6m0-12 6 7m1-11 4 6m4-10 3 7m5-9 2 7m15-7-1 7m10-5-3 7m11-4-4 7m11-2-5 6m16 7-7 4m10 4-7 3m10 6-8 1m8 16-8-2m5 10-7-3m4 11-7-4m2 11-6-5m0 11-5-6m-2 11-4-7m-4 11-3-8m-6 10-1-8m-16 8 2-8m-10 5 3-7m-11 4 4-7m-11 2 5-6m-8 3 3-3m4 8 2-3m5 8 2-4m6 7 1-4m8 5v-4m8 4v-4m9 3-1-4m9 1-2-4m9 0-2-4m9-2-3-3m8-4-3-2m8-5-4-2m7-6-4-1m5-8h-4m4-8h-4m3-9-4 1m1-9-4 2m-1-9-3 2m-2-9-3 3m-4-8-2 3m-5-8-2 4m-6-6-1 3m-8-5v4m-8-4v4m-9-2 1 3m-9 0 2 3m-9 1 2 3m-9 2 3 3m-8 4 3 2m-8 5 4 2m-7 6 4 1m-4 25 4-1m-2 5 7-3m-6 7 4-2m-2 6 7-4m-13-21h8m41-41v-8m0 99v-8m49-42h-8' transform='translate(-65 8)' /%3E%3C/svg%3E)
[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/transform-function/skew)
You can skew an element, using the
[`skew()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/skew())
functions which accept angles as arguments.
The `skew()` function works in a very similar way to `translate()`.
If you only define one argument, it will only affect the X axis and if you define both,
it will affect the X and Y axis.
You can also use
[`skewX`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/skewX()) and
[`skewY`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/skewY()) to affect each axis independently.
.my-element {
transform: skew(10deg);
}
### Perspective
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Properties/perspective)
Lastly, you can use the
[`perspective`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/perspective) property
---which is part of the transform family of properties---to alter the distance between the user and the Z plane.
This gives the feeling of distance and can be used to create a depth of field in your designs.
This example by David Desandro, from their very useful article, shows how it can be used,
along with `perspective-origin-x` and `perspective-origin-y` properties to create truly 3D experiences.
## Animation functions, gradients and filters
CSS also provides functions that help you [animate](https://web.dev/learn/css/animations) elements,
apply [gradients](https://web.dev/learn/css/gradients) to them and use graphical [filters](https://web.dev/learn/css/filters) to manipulate how they look.
To keep this module as concise as possible,
they are covered in the linked modules.
They all follow a similar structure to the functions demonstrated in this module.
### Check your understanding
Test your knowledge of functions
CSS functions can be identified by which characters?
`[]` These characters are for arrays in Javascript. `{}` These characters wrap rules in CSS. `()` Functions use these characters to wrap arguments yep! `::` These characters are for pseudo-elements in CSS. `:` These characters are for pseudo-classes in CSS. CSS has built-in math functions?
True There's a lot of them, and more being added to specs and browsers! False Try again! A `calc()` function can be placed inside of another `calc()` like `font-size: calc(10px + calc(5px * 3));`
True 🎉 False Try again! Which of the following are valid arguments for `sin()` and `cos()`?
`45` 🎉 `10deg` 🎉 `5em` Try again! `pi` 🎉 Which of the following are CSS shape functions?
`ellipse()` 🎉 `square()` Try again! `circle()` 🎉 `rect()` Try again! `inset()` 🎉 `polygon()` 🎉