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Published: Oct 8, 2024
To fix some weird quirks with CSS nesting, the CSS Working Group resolved to add the `CSSNestedDeclarations` interface to [the CSS Nesting Specification](https://drafts.csswg.org/css-nesting/). With this addition, declarations that come after style rules no longer shift up, among some other improvements.
These changes are available in Chrome from version 130 and are ready for testing in Firefox Nightly 132 and Safari Technology Preview 204.
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/CSSNestedDeclarations)
## The problem with CSS nesting without `CSSNestedDeclarations`
> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** This section describes the old nesting behavior. The new behavior with `CSSNestedDeclarations` is described later in this document.
One of [the gotchas with CSS nesting](https://kilianvalkhof.com/2023/css-html/the-gotchas-of-css-nesting/) is that, originally, the following snippet does not work as you might initially expect:
.foo {
width: fit-content;
@media screen {
background-color: red;
}
background-color: green;
}
Looking at the code, you would assume that the `` element has a `green` `background-color` because the `background-color: green;` declaration comes last. But this isn't the case in Chrome before version 130. In those versions, which lack support for `CSSNestedDeclarations`, the `background-color` of the element is `red`.
After parsing the actual rule Chrome prior to 130 uses is as follows:
.foo {
width: fit-content;
background-color: green;
@media screen {
& {
background-color: red;
}
}
}
The CSS after parsing underwent two changes:
- The `background-color: green;` got shifted up to join the other two declarations.
- The nested `CSSMediaRule` was rewritten to wrap its declarations in an extra `CSSStyleRule` using the `&` selector.
Another typical change that you'd see here is the parser discarding properties it does not support.
You can inspect the "CSS after parsing" for yourself by reading back the [`cssText`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/CSSRule/cssText) from the [`CSSStyleRule`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/CSSStyleRule/style).
Try it out yourself in [this interactive playground](https://codepen.io/web-dot-dev/full/oNKzGvo):
> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** If you don't see the same results as shared in this post, then your browser supports `CSSNestedDeclarations`.
### Why is this CSS rewritten?
To understand why this internal rewrite happened, you need to understand how this `CSSStyleRule` gets represented in the CSS Object Model (CSSOM).
In Chrome before 130, the CSS snippet shared earlier serializes to the following:
↳ CSSStyleRule
.type = STYLE_RULE
.selectorText = ".foo"
.resolvedSelectorText = ".foo"
.specificity = "(0,1,0)"
.style (CSSStyleDeclaration, 2) =
- width: fit-content
- background-color: green
.cssRules (CSSRuleList, 1) =
↳ CSSMediaRule
.type = MEDIA_RULE
.cssRules (CSSRuleList, 1) =
↳ CSSStyleRule
.type = STYLE_RULE
.selectorText = "&"
.resolvedSelectorText = ":is(.foo)"
.specificity = "(0,1,0)"
.style (CSSStyleDeclaration, 1) =
- background-color: red
> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** The `resolvedSelectorText` property is not part of the CSSOM ([yet](https://github.com/w3c/csswg-drafts/issues/10246)). It was manually added to show what the resolved selector looks like. The `specificity` property was also injected for demonstration purposes.
Of all the properties that a `CSSStyleRule` has, the following two are relevant in this case:
- The [`style` property](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/CSSStyleRule/style) which is a `CSSStyleDeclaration` instance representing the declarations.
- The [`cssRules` property](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/CSSGroupingRule/cssRules) which is a `CSSRuleList` that holds all nested `CSSRule` objects.
Because all declarations from the CSS snippet end up in the `style` property of the `CSStyleRule`, there is a loss of information. When looking at the `style` property it's not clear that the `background-color: green` was declared after the nested `CSSMediaRule`.
↳ CSSStyleRule
.type = STYLE_RULE
.selectorText = ".foo"
.style (CSSStyleDeclaration, 2) =
- width: fit-content
- background-color: green
.cssRules (CSSRuleList, 1) =
↳ ...
This is problematic, because for a CSS engine to work properly it must be able to distinguish properties that appear at the start of a style rule's contents from those that appear interspersed with other rules.
As for the declarations inside the [`CSSMediaRule`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/CSSMediaRule) suddenly getting wrapped in a `CSSStyleRule`: that is because the `CSSMediaRule` was not designed to contain declarations.
Because `CSSMediaRule` can contain nested rules--accessible through its `cssRules` property--the declarations automatically get wrapped in a `CSSStyleRule`.
↳ CSSMediaRule
.type = MEDIA_RULE
.cssRules (CSSRuleList, 1) =
↳ CSSStyleRule
.type = STYLE_RULE
.selectorText = "&"
.resolvedSelectorText = ":is(.foo)"
.specificity = "(0,1,0)"
.style (CSSStyleDeclaration, 1) =
- background-color: red
## How to solve this?
The CSS Working Group looked into several options to solve this problem.
One of the suggested solutions was to wrap all bare declarations in a nested `CSSStyleRule` with the nesting selector (`&`). This idea was discarded for various reasons, including the following unwanted side-effects of `&` desugaring to `:is(...)`:
- It has an effect on specificity. This is because `:is()` takes over the specificity of its most specific argument.
- It does not work well with pseudo-elements in the original outer selector. This is because `:is()` does not accept pseudo-elements in its selector list argument.
Take the following example:
#foo, .foo, .foo::before {
width: fit-content;
background-color: red;
@media screen {
background-color: green;
}
}
After parsing that snippet becomes this in Chrome before 130:
#foo,
.foo,
.foo::before {
width: fit-content;
background-color: red;
@media screen {
& {
background-color: green;
}
}
}
This is a problem because the nested `CSSRule` with the `&` selector:
- Flattens down to `:is(#foo, .foo)`, throwing away the `.foo::before` from the selector list along the way.
- Has a specificity of `(1,0,0)` which makes it harder to overwrite later on.
You can check this by inspecting what the rule serializes to:
↳ CSSStyleRule
.type = STYLE_RULE
.selectorText = "#foo, .foo, .foo::before"
.resolvedSelectorText = "#foo, .foo, .foo::before"
.specificity = (1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,1,1)
.style (CSSStyleDeclaration, 2) =
- width: fit-content
- background-color: red
.cssRules (CSSRuleList, 1) =
↳ CSSMediaRule
.type = MEDIA_RULE
.cssRules (CSSRuleList, 1) =
↳ CSSStyleRule
.type = STYLE_RULE
.selectorText = "&"
.resolvedSelectorText = ":is(#foo, .foo, .foo::before)"
.specificity = (1,0,0)
.style (CSSStyleDeclaration, 1) =
- background-color: green
Visually it also means that the `background-color` of `.foo::before` is `red` instead of `green`.
Another approach the CSS Working Group looked at was to have you wrap all nested declarations in a `@nest` rule. This was dismissed due to the regressed developer experience this would cause.
## Introducing the `CSSNestedDeclarations` interface
The solution the CSS Working Group settled on is the introduction of the *[nested declarations rule](https://drafts.csswg.org/css-nesting/#nested-declarations-rule)*.
This nested declarations rule is implemented in Chrome starting with Chrome 130.
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/CSSNestedDeclarations)
The introduction of the nested declarations rule changes the CSS parser to automatically wrap consecutive directly-nested declarations in a `CSSNestedDeclarations` instance. When serialized, this `CSSNestedDeclarations` instance ends up in the `cssRules` property of the `CSSStyleRule`.
Taking the following `CSSStyleRule` as an example again:
.foo {
width: fit-content;
@media screen {
background-color: red;
}
background-color: green;
}
When serialized in Chrome 130 or newer, it looks like this:
↳ CSSStyleRule
.type = STYLE_RULE
.selectorText = ".foo"
.resolvedSelectorText = ".foo"
.specificity = (0,1,0)
.style (CSSStyleDeclaration, 1) =
- width: fit-content
.cssRules (CSSRuleList, 2) =
↳ CSSMediaRule
.type = MEDIA_RULE
.cssRules (CSSRuleList, 1) =
↳ CSSNestedDeclarations
.style (CSSStyleDeclaration, 1) =
- background-color: red
↳ CSSNestedDeclarations
.style (CSSStyleDeclaration, 1) =
- background-color: green
Because the `CSSNestedDeclarations` rule ends up in the `CSSRuleList`, the parser is able to retain the position of the `background-color: green` declaration: *after* the `background-color: red` declaration (which is part of the `CSSMediaRule`).
Furthermore, having a `CSSNestedDeclarations` instance doesn't introduce any of the nasty side-effects the other, now discarded, potential solutions caused: The nested declarations rule matches the exact same elements and pseudo-elements as its parent style rule, with the same specificity behavior.
Proof of this is reading back the `cssText` of the `CSSStyleRule`. Thanks to the nested declarations rule it is the same as the input CSS:
.foo {
width: fit-content;
@media screen {
background-color: red;
}
background-color: green;
}
## What this means for you
This means that CSS nesting got a whole lot better as of Chrome 130. But, it also means that you might have to go over some of your code if you were interleaving bare declarations with nested rules.
Take the following example that uses the wonderful [`@starting-style`](https://web.dev/blog/entry-exit-animations#the_starting-style_rule_for_entry_animations)
/* This does not work in Chrome 130 */
#mypopover:popover-open {
@starting-style {
opacity: 0;
scale: 0.5;
}
opacity: 1;
scale: 1;
}
Before Chrome 130 those declarations would get hoisted. You'd end up with the `opacity: 1;` and `scale: 1;` declarations going into the `CSSStyleRule.style`, followed by a `CSSStartingStyleRule` (representing the `@starting-style` rule) in `CSSStyleRule.cssRules`.
From Chrome 130 onwards the declarations no longer get hoisted, and you end up with two nested `CSSRule` objects in `CSSStyleRule.cssRules`. In order: one `CSSStartingStyleRule` (representing the `@starting-style` rule) and one `CSSNestedDeclarations` that contains the `opacity: 1; scale: 1;` declarations.
Because of this changed behavior, the `@starting-style` declarations get overwritten by the ones contained in the `CSSNestedDeclarations` instance, thereby removing the entry animation.
To fix the code, make sure that the `@starting-style` block comes *after* the regular declarations. Like so:
/* This works in Chrome 130 */
#mypopover:popover-open {
opacity: 1;
scale: 1;
@starting-style {
opacity: 0;
scale: 0.5;
}
}
If you keep your nested declarations on top of the nested rules when using CSS nesting your code works *mostly* fine with all versions of all browsers that support CSS nesting.
Finally, if you want to feature detect the available of `CSSNestedDeclarations`, you can use the following JavaScript snippet:
if (!("CSSNestedDeclarations" in self && "style" in CSSNestedDeclarations.prototype)) {
// CSSNestedDeclarations is not available
}